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Korea under Yuan rule refers to the domination of the Yuan dynasty over the Korean Peninsula from approximately 1270 to 1356.〔"A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present, by Michael J. Seth", p112〕 During the Yuan rule of Korea, the region was structurally, militarily and administratively controlled by the Mongol Yuan dynasty, a division of the Mongol Empire. In the history of Korea, the Mongol rule was established after the Mongol invasions of Korea and the capitulation of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea in the 13th century. Most of the Korean Peninsula was placed under the Zhengdong province (征東行省, lit. "Conquer East province") with the king of Goryeo as its head since the 1280s. Goryeo became a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years, and Yuan overlordship ended in the 1350s when the Yuan dynasty itself started to crumble and King Gongmin of Goryeo began to push the Mongolian garrisons of the Yuan back. ==History== The Mongol Empire launched several invasions against Korea under Goryeo from 1231 to 1259. There were six major campaigns: 1231, 1232, 1235, 1238, 1247, 1253; between 1253 and 1258, the Mongols under Möngke Khan's general Jalairtai Qorchi launched four devastating invasions in the final successful campaign against Korea, at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean Peninsula. The Mongols annexed the northern areas of Korean Peninsula after the invasions and incorporated them into their empire as Ssangseong Prefecture (雙城摠管府) and Dongnyeong Prefecture (東寧府).〔, p.53.〕 In March 1258, the dictator Choe Ui of the Goryeo military regime was assassinated by Kim Jun. Thus, dictatorship by his military group was ended, and the scholars who had insisted on peace with Mongolia gained power. Eventually, the scholars sent an envoy to the Mongols, and a peace treaty was contracted between the Mongol Empire and Goryeo. Some military officials who refused to surrender formed the Sambyeolcho Rebellion and resisted in the islands off the southern shore of the Korean Peninsula.〔국방부 군사편찬연구소, 고려시대 군사 전략 (2006) (The Ministry of National Defense, Military Strategies in Goryeo)〕 Wonjong of Goryeo ascended to the throne with the help of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty. The resistances such as the Sambyeolcho Rebellion were suppressed by the Goryeo and the Mongols of the Yuan after Kublai Khan's enthronement. After 1270 Goryeo became a fully integrated client state of the Yuan dynasty. Although Kublai Khan did not impose direct rule over most of Korea, and the Goryeo dynasty was allowed to survive, he did establish the Zhengdong Branch Secretariat (征東等處行中書省) in Korea in the 1280s during and after his military expedition to Japan, and it gradually became a Yuan province with the king of Goryeo as its head. Intermarriage between the Koreans and Mongols was encouraged by the Yuan dynasty, even with the Mongol imperial family.〔Djun Kil Kim, 《The History of Korea: 2nd edition》, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610695828, p.78〕 After death of Wonjong in 1274, his successor Chungnyeol of Goryeo had received Kublai's daughter Qutlugh-Kelmish as a wife, and his reign began a wholesale Mongolization of the Korean court that continued to the middle of the 14th century. Official protocol was demoted to that of a subordinate principality, and Korean rulers made lengthy stays at the Mongol Yuan court, both before and after their coronation.〔(Korea and the Mongol Empire )〕 Mongolian resident commissioners known as darughachis were sent to the Goryeo court,〔, p. 54: "Yüan officials not only used the Koryŏ government, to make demands on the people, but even entered the farm villages themselves to exact tribute. ... The Koryŏ royal house and officials were completely subservient to the Yüan; ... At frequent intervals, the Koryŏ king would leave Kaesŏng and live at the Yüan capital, directing the officials of Koryŏ from there. Thus even the most superficial pretense of independent rule of Koryŏ disappeared."〕〔, p.437: "... Mongolian resident commissioners who were sent to the Korean court ...".〕 and they were offered provisions and sometimes were also willing to actively involved in the affairs of the Goryeo court. Part of Jeju Island converted to a grazing area for the Mongol cavalry stationed there. Mongol emperors dethroned Goryeo kings who were of no benefit to them in 1298, 1313, 1321, 1330, 1332, 1343, and 1351.〔, . "The Mongols made sure the Korean kings knew who was in charge. Mongol emperors deposed Goryeo kings who failed to serve their interests in 1298, 1313, 1321, 1330, 1332, 1343, and 1351. Some kings were held in detention in Dadu (Beijing) to issue decrees in absentia. Insult was added to injury in 1343 when Mongol envoys arrested the Korean king for initiating reforms detrimental to Mongol interests. They kicked him around, tied him up, and exiled him to China, but he died on the way".〕 Under the Mongol Yuan domination, Goryeo had to send a huge amount of tribute goods, such as gold, silver, grains, a large number of women and falcons, which squeezed the Goryeo populace.〔, pp.84, 91.〕 After the peace treaty with Goryeo, the Mongols planned to conquer Japan by allying with Goryeo troops again; in 1274 and 1281, Mongol invasions of Japan took place; however, it failed largely due to a heavy storm (called the Kamikaze). During these periods Korea was also a Mongol military base. The Koreans had to join the campaigns against Japan, supplying 770 fully manned ships and 5,000 soldiers in 1274 and 900 ships and 10,000 soldiers in 1281.〔 The Mongols and the Kingdom of Goryeo tied with marriages and Goryeo became ''quda'' (marriage alliance) state of the Yuan dynasty and monarchs of Goryeo were mainly imperial sons in-law (''khuregen''). During the reign of Kublai Khan, King Chungnyeol of Goryeo married one of Kublai's daughters. Later, a Korean princess called the Empress Gi became an empress through her marriage with Ukhaantu Khan, and her son, Biligtü Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, became a Mongol Khan. The kings of Goryeo held an important status like other important families of Mardin, the Uyghurs and Mongols (Oirats, Khongirad, and Ikeres).〔Ed. Morris Rossabi - China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th-14th centuries, p.244〕〔The Mongols Co-opt the Turks to Rule All under Heaven: Crippled the Dual-System and Expelled by Chinese Rebellion by Wontack Hong〕 It is claimed that one of Goryeo monarchs was the most beloved grandson of Kublai Khan and grew up at the Yuan court.〔Baasanjavyin Lkhagvaa-Solongos, Mongol-Solongosyin harilstaanii ulamjlalaas, p.172〕 The Goryeo dynasty survived under the Yuan until King Gongmin began to push the Mongolian garrisons of the Yuan back in the 1350s, when the Yuan dynasty faced the Red Turban Rebellion in China. By 1356 Goryeo under King Gongmin regained its lost northern territories such as the Ssangseong Prefecture placed under the Liaoyang province by the Yuan. He also repulsed the Red Turban invasions of Goryeo in 1360. However, even after the eventual fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, some Goryeo kings such as U still favored the Yuan over the Ming dynasty established by Han Chinese. This changed with the overthrown of Goryeo in 1392 by Yi Seong-gye, founder of Joseon dynasty. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Korea under Yuan rule」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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